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6 Promoters’ submissions for hydrogen to TYNDP 2024

The full details of all project information included in the TYNDP 2024 can be found in Annex A. This section provides a general overview of the received submissions specifically under the hydrogen subcategories (as defined in section 5.1).

Compared to the previous TYNDP version, ­ENTSOG expanded the hydrogen category into 5 new subcategories in TYNDP 2024: H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M. This approach allowed for more precise information in different sector developments and providing a better reflection of the requirements of the revised TEN-E Regulation.

202 hydrogen submissions in total have been included in the ­TYNDP 2024 falling under the five infrastructure subcategories mentioned above.

6.1 H2T – Hydrogen transmission pipeline projects

For ­TYNDP 2024, promoters submitted 114 projects. Among the 114 projects, 64 (56 %) are new, 36 (32 %) are a mix of new and repurposed infrastructure and 14 (12 %) are repurposed (see Figure 8).

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Figure 8: H2T infrastructure projects submitted to ­TYNDP 2024.

Map for Hydrogen Transmission Pipeline Projects in TYNDP 2024

Figure 13: Map for hydrogen transmission pipeline projects in TYNDP 2024.

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Figure 13: List of hydrogen transmission pipeline projects in TYNDP 2024.

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6.2 H2L – Hydrogen reception facilities and H2S – Hydrogen storage facilities projects

For ­TYNDP 2024, promoters submitted 20 projects under the hydrogen reception facilities category. 19 of them are new and one is repurposed (see Figure 9).

  • For 18 out of 20 H2L projects, the importing hydrogen carrier will be ammonia, whereas for the remaining two H2L projects, the carrier will be LOHC.

Furthermore, promoters submitted 38 hydrogen storage projects to enable the storage of pure hydrogen. 21 projects are new infrastructure, two are a mix of new and repurposed infrastructure and 15 are repurposed (see Figure 10).

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Figure 9: H2L infrastructure projects submitted to ­TYNDP 2024.

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Figure 10: H2S infrastructure projects submitted to TYNDP 2024.

6.3 H2E – Electrolysers for hydrogen production and H2M – hydrogen in the transport sector for mobility projects

For ­TYNDP 2024, promoters submitted 29 H2E projects. In addition, one project was submitted in the subcategory Hydrogen in the transport sector for mobility (H2M).

Map for Hydrogen Reception Terminal, Storage, Electrolyser and Mobility Projects in TYNDP 2024

Figure 14: Map for hydrogen reception terminal, storage, electrolyser and mobility projects in TYNDP 2024.

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Figure 14: List of hydrogen reception terminal, storage, electrolyser and mobility projects in TYNDP 2024.

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6.4 Hydrogen project analysis and comparison with ­TYNDP 2022

Out of the 326 investments that have been included in ­TYNDP 2024, 202 or more than 60 % fall under the hydrogen category. In Figure 11, a simple comparison between the ­TYNDPs of 2020, 2022 and 2024 is presented. It is evident that, starting from 2020, the number of hydrogen projects is ­increasing.

Figure 12 below provides the overview for this submission, compared to the previous ­TYNDP editions.

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Figure 11: Evolution of total amount of projects and ­hydrogen projects.

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Figure 12: Comparison between ­TYNDP 2020, ­TYNDP 2022 and ­TYNDP 2024 – Hydrogen category.

From the graph the following conclusions can be drawn:

  • In ­TYNDP 2022, nearly 40 % of new investments were categorised under the HYD ­category. For ­TYNDP 2024, this proportion has almost doubled (around 80 %).
  • The high number of new hydrogen investments through the submission of newly introduced ­TYNDP 2024 project subcategories1, reiterates the commitment of promoters to advance towards the EU decarbonisation goals.

1 By introducing the new project categories and subcategories for ­TYNDP 2024, promoters had the possibility to further split HYD projects.

The following assessment chapters will elaborate the submissions in more detail.

6.4.1 Overview per status

From the total of 326 projects included in ­TYNDP 2024, 202 hydrogen projects have been submitted for the categories H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M (62 % of the total number of projects). As mentioned in section 6.4, the number of hydrogen projects increased compared to ­TYNDP 2022. This increase results from:

  • The need to reduce GHG emissions to comply with the European Climate Law 2030 and 2050 targets.
  • The enhancing deployment of renewable gases, supported by the REPowerEU targets, the hydrogen targets of the Renewable Energy Directive, the EU Hydrogen Strategy and the requirement of inclusion of hydrogen infrastructure and electrolysers in the revised TEN-E Regulation.
  • The combination of supportive policies, technological advancements, growing market demand, and strategic investments.

The following figures and tables provide a statistical overview of promoters’ submissions for hydrogen (see TYNDP 2024 Annex A for further details) based on information such as the subcategory of infrastructure or the FID status or the PCI or PMI status. Those reports reflect all the details entered as part of the data collection process by hydrogen project promoters.

Figure 15 presents an overview of all the projects accepted for inclusion in ­TYNDP 2024 per hydrogen subcategory – H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

In addition, Figure 16 indicates the maturity status of the ­TYNDP 2024 submissions for H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M. 88 out of the total 202 projects (43 %) are “Advanced”, while only 4 projects have taken FID and 110 projects are “Less-Advanced”. The substantial number of advanced hydrogen projects underscores the sector’s growing maturity and highlights its rapid development and consequent contribution to decarbonisation.

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Figure 15: Project inclusion in ­TYNDP 2024 per ­subcategory of the hydrogen category. The ­inner circle represents absolute ­numbers of projects; the outer circle ­represents the shares of each subcategory.

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Figure 16: Projects by maturity status – H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

6.4.2 Overview of promoters’ submissions per geographical ­location

The following figures provide an overview of promoters’ submissions based on their geographical location, infrastructure type and maturity status for the five subcategories H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

For ­TYNDP 2024, 202 projects relevant for the five above-mentioned subcategories were included for 31 countries. 6 non-EU countries submitted hydrogen projects to TYNDP 2024 as presented in Figure 17.2

2 Bosnia Herzegovina, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Norway, Tunisia and Switzerland.

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Figure 17: TYNDP perimeter countries and countries outside the European Union for which H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E or H2M projects were submitted to ­TYNDP 2024.

Figure 18 presents the number of projects per country and per subcategory and Figure 19 the number of projects per country and their maturity status.

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Figure 18: Number of projects per country and hydrogen subcategory – H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

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Figure 19: Number of hydrogen projects per country and maturity status – H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

6.4.3 Analysis of project schedule

Figure 20 and Figure 21 show the distribution of projects included in ­TYNDP 2024 according to the expected (first) commissioning year, also in an aggregated way. The majority of projects falling under the subcategories H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M are expected to be commissioned by 2029 (150 out of the 202 or 74 %).

41 Investments ­indicated to finish commissioning until the end of 2035 (20 %), while 11 projects (6 %) will be commissioned between 2036 and 2041. It should be noted that several years are not displayed in the graph, indicating that there are no projects to be commissioned during those periods.

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Figure 20: Projects by commissioning year and by project maturity status – H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

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Figure 21: Projects by commissioning year (cumulative) and by project maturity status – H2T, H2L, H2S, H2E and H2M.

As part of the TYNDP 2024 Project Collection, promoters are required to provide information (with the exception of some specific situations) regarding the main project phases and the expected FID date (i.  e., Feasibility study, FEED, Permitting, FID, Construction and Commissioning).

ENTSOG analysed the provided data, considering that among hydrogen infrastructure projects a significant proportion is less advanced. Therefore, the development and the time schedule of these projects are more susceptible to changes according to the development of the projects.

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Figure 22: Simplified representation of the main project phases.

It should be noted that phases might not be consecutive and might overlap depending on project subcategory and/or country. In addition, FID in many cases is expected after permitting phase and before starting the construction phase. However, this can vary.

In case of the Feasibility Study phase, the start and end dates, either past or expected, have been provided for 175 projects. The average duration of the Feasibility Study phase for these projects is 9 months with the highest average duration in case of H2L projects (12 months) and the lowest average duration for the H2M project (3 months).

In addition, 61 investments have indicated the completion of the feasibility study until the end of the project data collection phase. 26 projects have started the feasibility study before the end of the project data collection phase but are still ongoing with the latest finalisation date in January 2031. The remaining 88 projects are expected to start their feasibility study beginning of 2024.

Regarding the FEED phase, the start and end dates, either past or expected, have been provided for 199 projects. The average duration of the FEED phase for hydrogen projects is 14 months with the highest average duration in case of H2L projects (16 months) and the lowest average duration in case of the H2M project (4 months).

19 projects have indicated to complete the FEED phase until the end of the project data collection phase. 35 investments have started FEED phase before the end of the project data collection phase, but are still ongoing with the latest finalisation date in December 2035. The remaining 144 projects have not started the FEED phase by the end of 2023.

In case of the Permitting phase, the start and end dates, either past or expected, have been provided for 201 projects3. The average duration of the Permitting phase for these projects is 25 months, with the highest average duration for H2S and H2T (31 months) and the lowest average duration in case of the H2M project (13 months).

More specifically, two projects have completed the permitting phase until the end of the project data collection phase. 43 projects have started the permitting process before the end of the project data collection phase but are ongoing with the latest finalisation date provided as March 2031. The remaining hydrogen projects are projected to conclude the permitting process at later dates, with the latest anticipated completion in June 2037.

The FID date, either past or expected, has been provided for all hydrogen projects. The graph below shows the distribution of projects per FID date. The average expected FID date is 12 January 2027 (see Figure 23).

3 Project H2S-F-1304 was under construction during the project submission phase and promoter indicated the dates of the previous project schedule phases as ”finished”.

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Figure 23: Cumulative distribution of projects per FID date – H2E, H2L, H2S, H2M and H2T.

Regarding the Construction phase, the start and end dates, either past or expected, have been provided for 201 hydrogen investments. The average duration of the Construction phase for these projects is 27 months, with the highest average duration in case of H2S projects (37 months) and the lowest average duration in case of the H2M project (6 months).

Three projects have started their construction prior the end of 2023. The remaining 198 projects have foreseen the start of the construction after the end of the project collection with the latest end date in December 2041.

Figure 24 below provides all the information for the different phases described above.

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Figure 24: Average duration of Feasibility, FEED, Permitting and Construction phase – H2E, H2L, H2S, H2M and H2T.

The Commissioning year has been provided for all the hydrogen projects in ­TYNDP 2024. The average Commissioning year for these projects is 2031 with 116 hydrogen investments expected to be commissioned by the end of 2029, while the remaining 86 are expected to be commissioned until 2051 (see Figure 25).

The estimation of average duration for the different project phases (feasibility, FEED, permitting and construction) for hydrogen infrastructure is lower than the average durations provided for Natural gas infrastructure projects as described in section 7.4.3 (with the lowest difference of 18 % for feasibility phase and with a highest difference of 44 % for FEED phase).

Project promoters estimated their project’s schedule based on the best available information at the time of submission. However, considering that hydrogen projects are generally less mature than natural gas infrastructure, it could be possible that above-mentioned difference might be even lower.

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Figure 25: Distribution of projects per end commissioning year.

StatusCompleted
in ­TYNDP 2024
FID
in TYNDP 2024
Advanced
in TYNDP 2024
Less Advanced
in TYNDP 2024
Cancelled/Not resub­mitted
in TYNDP 2024
Total
FID (TYNDP 2022) 010001
Advanced (TYNDP 2022) 0042713
Less-Advanced (TYNDP 2022)02533944138
Total03574151152

Table 4: Evolution of projects from ­TYNDP 2022 to ­TYNDP 2024 – Hydrogen category.

Of the one hydrogen project submitted already having the FID status in ­TYNDP 2022:

  • Still in progress maintaining the FID status (H2S-F-1304).

Of the 13 hydrogen projects submitted already having the Advanced status in ­TYNDP 2022:

  • Four still have the Advanced status;
  • Two moved from Advanced to Less-Advanced due to delay or rescheduling (H2E-N-427 and H2T-N-9964);
  • Seven were cancelled or not resubmitted by the promoter (HYD-A-770, HYD-A-562, HYD-A-549, HYD-A-396, HYD-A-745, HYD-A-315 and HYD-A-312).

Of the 138 hydrogen projects submitted already having the Less-Advanced status in ­TYNDP 2022:

  • two got the FID after the ­TYNDP 2022 project collection;
  • 53 moved from Less-Advanced to Advanced5;
  • 39 are still planned and maintained the Less-Advanced status;
  • 44 were cancelled/not-resubmitted.

Additionally:

  • Five were merged with another project (HYD-N-1172, HYD-N-1350, HYD-N-1036, HYD-N-848 and HYD-N-931);
  • Five were submitted with a new project code (HYD-N-772, HYD-N-819, HYD-N-793, HYD-N-1153 and HYD-N-1273).

59 hydrogen projects stated their scheduled status:

  • Four investments are behind the schedule;
  • 36 investments are on time;
  • 19 investments are rescheduled.

Among the main reasons indicated by promoters for delay and rescheduling are:

  • Permitting and regulatory delays;
  • Environmental and impact assessments;
  • Project dependencies;
  • Financial and funding issues.

4 Projects H2T-N-996 and H2T-N-989 fulfil both the conditions of an advanced maturity status. However, the corresponding national legal framework ­conditions, which are prerequisites for the Advanced status, were not yet in place at the time of project submission in December 2023, but were already foreseeable and in progress. With the publication of the final ­TYNDP 2024, these legal national framework conditions exist, which thus confirms the ­Advanced status of the projects.
5 Despite the progress of Less-Advanced projects, a high number of projects that moved to Advanced status are related to the difference of the definition of the Advance status between TYNPD 2022 and 2024. In the ­TYNDP 2022, projects with FEED started or granted with CEF funds for FEED fulfilled Advanced criteria, while in ­TYNDP 2024 projects should be in NDP or should have completed market test but might be at an earlier phase.

6.4.4 Investment costs

Investment costs are for project promoters in many cases deemed as commercially sensitive information. Sharing this information might potentially negatively affect the competitive position of project promoters vis-à-vis contractors. On that basis, and as part of the transparency process adopted, ­ENTSOG has collected information from promoters on indicative investment costs for all submitted ­projects.

In line with section 4.1 of the TYNDP 2024 GPI, the cost data submitted by the project promoters for the projects to be included in the TYNDPs is made public by ­ENTSOG unless the data is deemed confidential by the respective project promoters.

The highest share of costs is represented in the Advanced status (52 %) while the share of advanced projects for all the hydrogen investments is approximately 47 %. Furthermore, H2T is further separated into new, repurposed or a mix of new and repurposed transmission infrastructure. The biggest proportion is invested in new infrastructure (64 % of the total H2T investment cost) (see Figure 26).

As seen in Figure 276, H2T projects (56 % or 114 out of the total number of hydrogen projects) cover the highest share of the hydrogen project capital expenditures (68 %). In order to provide greater cost granularity, H2T sub-category is split into newly build pipelines (NEW), repurposed pipelines (REP) and a both new and repurposed parts (MIX). In addition, almost half of the total costs for hydrogen projects are planned to take place until 2029 (47 %), with a peak in 2029 of more than 60 billion euros (see Figure 28).

It should be noted that the cost for 2025 appears close to zero in the graph due to its significantly lower value (~3 million euros), compared to the other years represented in billion euros. In addition, several years are not displayed in the graph, indicating that no cost values were recorded for those periods.

6 The costs for the H2M project (only one project) are not presented in the figure due to confidentiality.

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Figure 26: Overview of total investment cost by project maturity status for hydrogen ­category.

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Figure 27: Overview of total cost by hydrogen sub­category – H2E, H2L H2S and H2T.

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Figure 28: Overview of costs by end commissioning year and project maturity status – H2E, H2L, H2S, H2M and H2T.

6.4.5 TYNDP 2024 submissions and national development plans

According to Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No. 715/20097, the Community-wide network development plan is required to build on national ten-year network development plans. As of 5 February 2025, when the GHR starts to apply, this requirement is specified in Article 32, point (a), for natural gas and Article 60, point (a), for hydrogen. As the Union-wide TYNDP is a non-binding exercise, this does not prevent, from a legal perspective, that projects are submitted to the TYNDP even if they are not part of a national development plan (NDP). Further, in Article 26 of the GHR, it is described how ACER can mandate a review of either a national or the Union-wide TYNDP, in case of inconsistencies.

In line with the Annex III of the GPI, promoters should indicate if their initiatives are part of the NDP.

In case not, the reason for which projects are not part of the NDP must be specified.

Furthermore, ­ENTSOG initiated a feedback loop with ACER and NRAs to collect relevant feedback and comments.

Out of the total number of projects that were listed under the hydrogen category, 67 (33 %) were included in the NDP, while the remaining 135 were not. The subcategory with the highest number of included projects was H2T (49), followed by H2S (11), H2E (4) and H2L (3). In TYNDP 2022, the inclusion rate of hydrogen TYNDP projects in the NDPs was 17 %. This shows that the level of consistency between TYNDP and NDPs increased between the two TYNDP cycles.

7 Reg. (EC) No 715/2009 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks, to be repealed by Reg. (EU) 2024/1789, applicable as of February 2025.

Country Part of NDPNOT Part of NDPCountry Part of NDP NOT Part of NDP
AT3IT62
BE15LT1
BG11LU1
BIH3LV1
CH1MT
CY2NA1
CZ21NL44
DE2433NO1
DK4PL7
EE1PT21
ES23RO2
FI3SE2
FR28SI3
GR26SK5
HR54UA1
HU4UK1
IE

Table 5: Overview of hydrogen projects being part or not of NDPs by country – H2E, H2L, H2S, H2M and H2T.

For the projects reported as not part of any NDP, promoters have generally indicated one of the following reasons:

  • National Development Plans for hydrogen are not yet developed;
  • Projects are still undergoing adoption or approval processes by relevant authorities;
  • Lack of legal obligation to draft a national development plan for hydrogen grids.

The provided reasons show that, in most of the cases, a project is not part of any NDP for reasons lying outside the control of the project promoters themselves. For further details, please refer to TYNDP 2024 Annex A.

Additional assessments are available in ACER’s opinion 07-2024 of 29 October 2024 on the review of gas and hydrogen national development plans to assess their consistency with the EU-TYNDP.

According to ACER’s opinion, only eight EU Member States (AT, BE, CZ, DE, FR, LT, LV, PT) seem to already have included hydrogen in the most recent gas NDPs, while in 15 Member States, there is no framework in place regarding hydrogen network planning. Furthermore, ACER underlines that “the data suggests that as national plans for hydrogen infrastructure will develop, a better alignment between EU-level plans and national plans can be anticipated over time.”

6.5 TYNDP 2024 hydrogen projects being part of the 1st union list under the revised TEN-E Regulation

ENTSOG also collects information related to projects already having the PCI or PMI status and projects that intend to apply to the following PCI and PMI selection process.

The EC’s 1st Union list of PCIs and PMIs under the revised TEN-E Regulation was published on 28.11.20238. The updated TEN-E Regulation focuses on decarbonisation and sustainable energy infrastructure including renewable and low-carbon gases like biomethane and hydrogen. Thus, from the projects collected by ­ENTSOG for the ­TYNDP 2024, only hydrogen and renewable gas projects are eligible for the PCI or PMI label9. From the Union list, 71 projects items are included in the ­TYNDP 2024 of which 13 were submitted as H2E subcategory, while the remaining 58 were submitted under the H2T, H2L and H2S subcategories.

The TEN-E Regulation does not require electrolyser projects, CO2 and smart gas grid projects to be part of the ­TYNDP in order to be eligible for PCI or PMI status. Thus, out of the 17 projects included in the Union list, only 13 were submitted to the ­TYNDP 2024.

8 https://energy.ec.europa.eu/document/download/3db5e3d1-9989-4d10-93e3-67f5b9ad9103_en?filename=Annex%20PCI%20PMI%20list.pdf
9 Natural gas projects maintain their PCI status as defined by Article 24 of the TEN-E Regulation.

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Figure 29: Projects having PCI or PMI status in the 1st Union list by subcategory.

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Figure 30: Hydrogen projects having PCI or PMI status in the 1st Union list by maturity status.